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String quartet

Musical ensemble of four string players

The term string quartet is a type of musical composition or a group of four people who play the quartets. Many composers from the mid-18th century onwards wrote string quartets. The associated musical ensemble consists of two violinists, a violist, and a cellist. The string quartet was developed into its present form by the Austrian composer Joseph Haydn, whose works from the 1750s onwards established the ensemble as a group of four more-or-less equal partners. Since that time, the string quartet has been considered a prestigious form, as writing for four instruments with broadly similar characteristics both constrains and tests a composer. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe described string quartet music as "four rational people conversing" (ein Gespräch unter vier vernünftigen Leuten). String quartet composition flourished in the Classical era, and Mozart, Beethoven and Schubert each wrote a number of masterpieces in the genre. Many Romantic and early-twentieth-century composers composed string quartets, including Mendelssohn, Schumann, Brahms, Dvořák, Janáček, and Debussy. There was a slight lull in string quartet composition later in the 19th century, but it received a resurgence in the 20th century, with the Second Viennese School, as well as Bartók, Shostakovich and, in the US, Elliott Carter and Milton Babbitt producing highly regarded examples of the genre. It remains an important and refined musical form to this day, but has evolved and expanded in many directions since its classical origins. The standard structure for a string quartet as established in the Classical era is four movements, with the first movement in sonata form, allegro, in the tonic key; a slow movement in a related key and a minuet and trio follow; and the fourth movement is often in rondo form or sonata rondo form, in the tonic key. Some string quartet ensembles play together for many years and become established and promoted as an entity in a manner similar to an instrumental soloist or an orchestra.